Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.)

Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.:

    * look up – consult a reference book (look a word up I n a dictionary)

    * look for – seek (look for her ring)

    * look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look  forward to meeting someone)

There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings. In our lists, you will find some frequently used phrasal verbs and their meanings.

Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs with:

*     break, bring, call, carry, come, do, fall, get, go, keep, look, make, put, run, set, take, turn

Position of the Particle

The particle is placed either after the verb or after the object.

Agreement and Disagreement

Agreement and Disagreement

To express agree or disagree to an opinion, you may use the following expressions:

Starting an opinion	In my opinion… The way I see it… If you want my honest opinion…. According to Lisa… As far as I’m concerned… If you ask me…
Asking for an opinion	What’s your idea? What are your thoughts on all of this? How do you feel about that? Do you have anything to say about this? What do you think? Do you agree? Wouldn’t you say?
Expressing agreement	I agree with you 100 percent. I couldn’t agree with you more. That’s so true. That’s for sure. (slang) Tell me about it! You’re absolutely right. Absolutely. That’s exactly how I feel. Exactly. I’m afraid I agree with James. I have to side with Dad on this one. No doubt about it. (agree with negative statement) Me neither. (weak) I suppose so./I guess so. You have a point there. I was just going to say that.
Expressing disagreement	I don’t think so. (strong) No way. I’m afraid I disagree. (strong) I totally disagree. I beg to differ. (strong) I’d say the exact opposite. Not necessarily. That’s not always true. That’s not always the case. No, I’m not so sure about that. I can’t accept it I don’t think I agree with you.

Narrative text

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/fables/myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

The narrative text short story is telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.
The generic sctucture of a narrative text:
1. Orientation: Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
2. Complication: A crisis arises
3. Resolution: The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.
4. Re-orientation: Optinal
5. Evaluation: A stepping back to evaluate the plight

CONTOH NARRATIVE TEXT : GOLDEN EGGS

Long time ago a remote village, in central China was inhabited mainly with farmers and hunters. One day, a poor farmer lost his entire livestock to flood. He prayed hard to God for help or his family would die of starvation.
Few days later, an old man with long grey beard, passed by his house took pity on him. He gave him a goose and said “ I don’t have any expensive thing to give you and hope this goose will help you to ease your hardship.”
A week later to almost surprise the farmer found and egg in his yard. This was no ordinary egg. It was a golden egg. He was suddenly overcome with joy.
Thereafter, his livelihood had rapidly improved but the farmer had forgotten his earlier hardship. He became lazy, arrogant and spendthrift.
Strangely, the goose only laid one golden egg every six months. The greedy farmer lost his patient and slaughtered his goose thinking there were plenty of golden eggs inside its stomach.
Though he very much regretted for his foolishness, it’s already too late.

Hortatory Exposition

PENGERTIAN HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

Disebutkan dalam Concise Oxford Dictionary, Hortatory termasuk kata sifat (adjective) bermakna "tending or aiming to exhort" ("cenderung atau bertujuan mendorong / mendesak orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu"). Sedangkan Exposition  bermakna "a comprehensive description and explanation of a theory" ("Penjelasan dan penjabaran sebuah teori secara komprehensif").

Jadi secara bahasa, jika disimpulkan, hortatory exposition adalah teks yang menjelaskan sebuah teori/masalah secara komprehensif dengan tujuan mendorong orang lain melakukan / tidak melakukan sesuatu.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Generic Structure, atau susunan umum hortatory exposition adalah sebagai berikut :

1.  Thesis / General Statement

Thesis / general statement berisi pernyataan pembuka mengenai topik pembahasan. Sebagai contoh kita akan membahas mengenai bahaya rokok, thesis statement yang bisa kita gunakan misalnya :

“Rokok dapat menyebabkan kanker, serangan jantung, dan impotensi”.

2.  Arguments

Arguments, ”Pendapat” berisi berbagai pembahasan lanjutan dari thesis statement secara detail. Akan lebih baik jika argument ini tidak hanya berisi pendapat pribadi penulis saja tapi juga bisa berisi pendapat para pakar. Mengacu pada contoh thesis statement tentang rokok di atas, kita bisa membuat arguments pendukung dengan lebih detail, misalnya :

Argument 1 : Saya mengira serangan jantung yang dialami direktur PT. LaptopButut, Pak “XXX”, disebabkan karena intensitas merokok lebih banyak dari pada minum air putih.(Terus kembangkan paragraf ini lebih dalam)

Argument 2 : Telah banyak dibuktikan bahwa rokok hampir menjadi sebab utama penyakit kanker. (Terus kembangkan paragraf ini)

Argument 3 : Impotensi seorang bos “XXX” di kota “XXX” disebutkan karena kebiasaanya merokok sebelum tidur. (terus kembangkan lagi paragraf ini)

3.  Recommendation.

Recommendation / suggestion berisi saran penulis tentang topik pembahasan. Jika membahas tentang bahaya rokok, sobat pasti tahu dong apa yang harus disarankan?

CONTOH HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Contoh hortatory expostion ini diambil dari buku bahasa Inggris Interlanguage yang membahas tentang "Masyarakat Indonesia harus menghargai perbedaan budaya demi Kesatuan Bangsa." Mari kita simak...

Indonesian People Should Value All the Different Culture to Promote Unity of the Nation

Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different religions and cultures from many provinces are now seen living side by side in many places. One of the biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to deal with a culturally diverse citizenry and then promote unity.

Therefore, Indonesians should appreciate differences among culture for the following reasons. Firstly, Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago and culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal, even if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to be tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to retain their heritage. Then, unity of the nation can be preserved.


Secondly, Indonesians must recognize that every culture has different customs and beliefs. Thus, people are forbidden to make judgments of comparative value, for it is measuring something unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the modern era, can allow for cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits both parties. The cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a better place and preserves the unity of the nation.


Lastly, raising nationalism is one way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense of fellow feeling between group members. This promotes cooperation and social cohesion within the group. The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social security and medical programs much more likely and stronger.


Cultural differences are sometime a sensitive matter for people. Indonesian people must teach younger generation about the importance of the cultural identity and nationalism to promote unity of the nation.

Analytical Exposition

Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

Spoof

Spoof text adalah salah satu jenis teks yang dianggap paling menyenangkan untuk dipelajari. Dengan adanya Spoof text, setidaknya siswa yang selalu cemberut saat belajar bahasa Inggris bisa terobati. Coba tanyakan pada kawan anda, adakah siswa yang “sangat membenci” pelajaran bahasa Inggris? Saya pastikan, “ADA”. Lah, seorang Nabi saja banyak yang benci, apalagi sebatas bahasa Inggris.

Namun, dengan hadirnya materi belajar spoof text ini, semoga saja berangsur-angsur kebencian ini bisa berganti menjadi rasa cinta.

Spoof text adalah salah satu jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang isinya mengenai cerita lucu. Siapa sih yang tidak tersenyum jika ada hal yang bersifat lucu? Orang stress aja kali ya? Jika narrative text cenderung menceritakan suatu kisah dengan berbagai permasalahan yang harus dipecahkan; dan jika recount text lebih condong menceritakan kegiatan seseorang dalam urutan waktu tertentu, spoof text masih berbeda dengan dengan kedua teks tersebut. Apa sih?

Untuk lebih jelasnya, mari pelajari daftar isi pelajaran spoof text di bawah ini :

1. Pengertian / Definisi Spoof Text
2. Generic Structure of Spoof Text
3. Contoh Spoof Text - Absence
4. Contoh Spoof Text - Sam Ting Wong

DEFINISI SPOOF TEXT

Disebutkan dalam Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Online, ada dua makna spoof. Pertama, sebagai kata benda, spoof bermakna, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music, theatre, etc. that copies the style of an original work". Sedang kedua, spoof sebagai kata kerja, bermakna, "to try to make someone believe in something that is not true, as a joke."

Dari kedua arti spoof di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengertian spoof text adalah sebuah teks yang berisi tentang humor meski sebagian teksnya sudah dimodifikasi dari aslinya.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF SPOOF TEXT

Generic Structure (Susunan umum) dalam spoof text adalah :

1. Orientation, berisi pengenalan tokoh, latar, setting dll.
2. Events, berisi peristiwa atau kejadian
3. Twist, ending cerita (akhir cerita yang dianggap lucu, kadang tidak terduga)

Banner, Poster and Pamphlet

A.  Poster

A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and convey information. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message.

 

B.   Banner

A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. A pamphlet is something that you hand out with information on it. It's usually about 5-6 inches tall. They are meant as a convenient way for people to hand out advertisements or other information. 

C.   Pamphlet
      A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths , or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet.